Top 100 Most-Disruptive Papers

The 100 most-disruptive papers by the Funk & Owen-Smith CD (disruption) index, which measures how much a paper redirected the field away from prior work.

The disruption index is unreliable for papers published within the last 5 years — the forward-citation window is too short to score them — so recent papers are excluded from this ranking. A research reference for clinicians and trainees, not treatment advice.

1. Levine A · 2014 · Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · ESPGHAN revised porto criteria for the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents.CD 0.56
2. Sherwood RA · 2012 · Journal of clinical pathology · Faecal markers of gastrointestinal inflammation.CD 0.13
3. Chong SK · 1985 · Gut · Histological diagnosis of chronic inflammatory bowel disease in childhood.CD 0.08
4. Pera A · 1987 · Gastroenterology · Colonoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease. Diagnostic accuracy and proposal of an endoscopic score.CD 0.07
5. Heikenen JB · 1999 · Inflammatory bowel diseases · Presenting symptoms and diagnostic lag in children with inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.05
6. Holmquist L · 1988 · Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology · The diagnostic value of colonoscopy compared with rectosigmoidoscopy in children and adolescents with symptoms of chronic inflammatory bowel disease of the colon.CD 0.04
7. Ballegaard M · 1997 · Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology · Self-reported food intolerance in chronic inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.03
8. Tremaine WJ · 2011 · Gastroenterology & hepatology · Diagnosis and treatment of indeterminate colitis.CD 0.03
9. Lenaerts C · 1989 · Pediatrics · High incidence of upper gastrointestinal tract involvement in children with Crohn disease.CD 0.03
10. IBD Working Group of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition · 2005 · Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · Inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents: recommendations for diagnosis--the Porto criteria.CD 0.03
11. MacDonald TT · 1990 · Clinical and experimental immunology · Tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma production measured at the single cell level in normal and inflamed human intestine.CD 0.02
12. Stavlo PL · 2003 · Journal of pediatric surgery · Pediatric ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: functional outcomes and quality of life.CD 0.02
13. Bezabeh T · 2001 · The American journal of gastroenterology · The use of 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in inflammatory bowel diseases: distinguishing ulcerative colitis from Crohn's disease.CD 0.02
14. Solem CA · 2005 · Inflammatory bowel diseases · Correlation of C-reactive protein with clinical, endoscopic, histologic, and radiographic activity in inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.01
15. El Mouzan MI · 2006 · Journal of tropical pediatrics · Epidemiology of juvenile-onset inflammatory bowel disease in central Saudi Arabia.CD 0.01
16. Barden L · 1989 · Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · Mesalazine in childhood inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.01
17. Yu YR · 2017 · Seminars in pediatric surgery · Clinical presentation of Crohn's, ulcerative colitis, and indeterminate colitis: Symptoms, extraintestinal manifestations, and disease phenotypes.CD 0.01
18. Galandiuk S · 1991 · Diseases of the colon and rectum · Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis without ileostomy.CD 0.01
19. Bokemeyer B · 2013 · Journal of Crohn's & colitis · Clinical status, psychosocial impairments, medical treatment and health care costs for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Germany: an online IBD registry.CD 0.01
20. Cabrera-Abreu JC · 2004 · Archives of disease in childhood · Performance of blood tests in diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in a specialist clinic.CD 0.01
21. Williams JG · 2000 · BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · Open access follow up for inflammatory bowel disease: pragmatic randomised trial and cost effectiveness study.CD 0.01
22. Roskell DE · 1995 · Gut · HIV associated cytomegalovirus colitis as a mimic of inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.01
23. Vavricka SR · 2012 · Inflammatory bowel diseases · Systematic evaluation of risk factors for diagnostic delay in inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.01
24. Darbari A · 2004 · Inflammatory bowel diseases · Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging: a useful radiological tool in diagnosing pediatric IBD.CD 0.01
25. Tomasello G · 2016 · Biomedical papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia · Nutrition, oxidative stress and intestinal dysbiosis: Influence of diet on gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases.CD 0.01
26. Geboes K · 2001 · Acta gastro-enterologica Belgica · Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis or indeterminate colitis--how important is it to differentiate?CD 0.01
27. Silverberg MS · 2005 · Canadian journal of gastroenterology = Journal canadien de gastroenterologie · Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology.CD 0.01
28. Tsai CH · 2004 · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi · Characteristics and trends in incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in Taiwanese children.CD 0.01
29. García Rodríguez LA · 2005 · Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · Risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease in the general population.CD 0.01
30. Hou JK · 2014 · Digestive diseases and sciences · Accuracy of diagnostic codes for identifying patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System.CD 0.01
31. Jose FA · 2009 · Inflammatory bowel diseases · Development of extraintestinal manifestations in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.01
32. Moum B · 1995 · Digestion · Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in southeastern Norway: evaluation of methods after 1 year of registration. Southeastern Norway IBD Study Group of Gastroenterologists.CD 0.01
33. Wolters FL · 2006 · Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology. Supplement · Disease outcome of inflammatory bowel disease patients: general outline of a Europe-wide population-based 10-year clinical follow-up study.CD 0.01
34. Mossotto E · 2017 · Scientific reports · Classification of Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease using Machine Learning.CD 0.01
35. Guindi M · 2004 · Journal of clinical pathology · Indeterminate colitis.CD 0.01
36. Isbister WH · 1998 · Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · Inflammatory bowel disease in Saudi Arabia: presentation and initial management.CD 0.01
37. DeRoche TC · 2014 · Gastroenterology report · Histological evaluation in ulcerative colitis.CD 0.01
38. Yu H · 2018 · Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · Market share and costs of biologic therapies for inflammatory bowel disease in the USA.CD 0.00
39. Colombel JF · 1990 · Gastroenterologie clinique et biologique · [Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region and the Somme area of France in 1988].CD 0.00
40. Matsui T · 2003 · Journal of gastroenterology · Clinical features and pattern of indeterminate colitis: Crohn's disease with ulcerative colitis-like clinical presentation.CD 0.00
41. Spray C · 2001 · Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · Current diagnosis, management and morbidity in paediatric inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.00
42. Anand V · 2008 · Canadian journal of gastroenterology = Journal canadien de gastroenterologie · Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies and anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies as serological markers are not specific in the identification of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.CD 0.00
43. Ye Y · 2020 · Inflammatory bowel diseases · Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Pediatric and Adult Populations: Recent Estimates From Large National Databases in the United States, 2007-2016.CD 0.00
44. Strauss J · 2011 · Inflammatory bowel diseases · Invasive potential of gut mucosa-derived Fusobacterium nucleatum positively correlates with IBD status of the host.CD 0.00
45. Wilson J · 2010 · Inflammatory bowel diseases · High incidence of inflammatory bowel disease in Australia: a prospective population-based Australian incidence study.CD 0.00
46. North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition · 2007 · Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · Differentiating ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease in children and young adults: report of a working group of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America.CD 0.00
47. Alvaro D · 2000 · Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) · The function of alkaline phosphatase in the liver: regulation of intrahepatic biliary epithelium secretory activities in the rat.CD 0.00
48. Bardhan KD · 2010 · Journal of Crohn's & colitis · A United Kingdom inflammatory bowel disease database: making the effort worthwhile.CD 0.00
49. Coqueiro AY · 2019 · International journal of food sciences and nutrition · Probiotics for inflammatory bowel diseases: a promising adjuvant treatment.CD 0.00
50. Stallmach A · 2003 · Gut · Safety and efficacy of intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide in acute steroid refractory inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.00
51. Gong AY · 2002 · American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · Channel-mediated water movement across enclosed or perfused mouse intrahepatic bile duct units.CD 0.00
52. Huang V · 2013 · Journal of Crohn's & colitis · Patient awareness of extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.00
53. Zhou N · 2011 · Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · Inflammatory bowel disease unclassified.CD 0.00
54. Durno CA · 2000 · Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · Magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish the type and severity of pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases.CD 0.00
55. Swidsinski A · 2007 · Inflammatory bowel diseases · Azathioprine and mesalazine-induced effects on the mucosal flora in patients with IBD colitis.CD 0.00
56. Swidsinski A · 2008 · Archives of medical research · Bacterial biofilm suppression with antibiotics for ulcerative and indeterminate colitis: consequences of aggressive treatment.CD 0.00
57. Karttunnen R · 1994 · Journal of clinical pathology · Decreased mucosal interleukin-4 (IL-4) production in gut inflammation.CD 0.00
58. Rai T · 2015 · Gastroenterology report · Frequency and risk factors of low immunoglobulin levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.00
59. Owczarek D · 2009 · Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej · Biological therapy of inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.00
60. von Stein P · 2008 · Gastroenterology · Multigene analysis can discriminate between ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and irritable bowel syndrome.CD 0.00
61. Zelinkova Z · 2012 · World journal of gastroenterology · Sex-dimorphic adverse drug reactions to immune suppressive agents in inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.00
62. MacDonald TT · 1990 · Journal of clinical pathology · Increased expression of laminin/collagen receptor (VLA-1) on epithelium of inflamed human intestine.CD 0.00
63. Hilsden RJ · 2003 · BMC gastroenterology · A national survey on the patterns of treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in Canada.CD 0.00
64. Vucelic B · 2009 · Digestive diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · Inflammatory bowel diseases: controversies in the use of diagnostic procedures.CD 0.00
65. Spirlì C · 2001 · Gastroenterology · Proinflammatory cytokines inhibit secretion in rat bile duct epithelium.CD 0.00
66. Clarke K · 2019 · Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · Allergic and Immunologic Perspectives of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.CD 0.00
67. Kahn SA · 2012 · Inflammatory bowel diseases · Fecal bacteriotherapy for ulcerative colitis: patients are ready, are we?CD 0.00
68. Gasparetto M · 2013 · Gastroenterology research and practice · Highlights in IBD Epidemiology and Its Natural History in the Paediatric Age.CD 0.00
69. Rector A · 2001 · Human genetics · Analysis of the CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) delta-32 polymorphism in inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.00
70. Bharadwaj S · 2018 · Gastroenterology report · Role of endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.00
71. Kvasnovsky CL · 2015 · Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology · Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.00
72. Jackson BD · 2017 · Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology · Clinicians' adherence to international guidelines in the clinical care of adults with inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.00
73. Spekhorst LM · 2017 · BMJ open · Cohort profile: design and first results of the Dutch IBD Biobank: a prospective, nationwide biobank of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.00
74. Witte J · 2000 · Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology · Disease outcome in inflammatory bowel disease: mortality, morbidity and therapeutic management of a 796-person inception cohort in the European Collaborative Study on Inflammatory Bowel Disease (EC-IBD).CD 0.00
75. Sonnenberg A · 2012 · Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics · Low prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among patients with inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.00
76. Mosli M · 2020 · Saudi journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Saudi Gastroenterology Association · A cross-sectional survey on the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on inflammatory bowel disease patients in Saudi Arabia.CD 0.00
77. Cross RK · 2008 · Journal of clinical gastroenterology · Patient subjective assessment of drug side effects in inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.00
78. Feagins LA · 2014 · World journal of gastroenterology · Case-control study of factors that trigger inflammatory bowel disease flares.CD 0.00
79. Desmond AN · 2012 · Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · Radiation exposure from diagnostic imaging among patients with gastrointestinal disorders.CD 0.00
80. Palmer NP · 2019 · PloS one · Concordance between gene expression in peripheral whole blood and colonic tissue in children with inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.00
81. Wu ZY · 2020 · World journal of clinical cases · Isoflavones and inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.00
82. Swan NC · 1998 · Diseases of the colon and rectum · Fulminant colitis in inflammatory bowel disease: detailed pathologic and clinical analysis.CD 0.00
83. White JM · 2008 · Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · Inflammatory bowel disease in African American children compared with other racial/ethnic groups in a multicenter registry.CD 0.00
84. Soubières AA · 2016 · Inflammatory bowel diseases · Emerging Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.CD 0.00
85. Thurgate LE · 2019 · Inflammatory intestinal diseases · An Overview of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unclassified in Children.CD 0.00
86. Skamnelos A · 2015 · Annals of gastroenterology · CD4 count remission hypothesis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and human immunodeficiency virus infection: a systematic review of the literature.CD 0.00
87. Tursi A · 2013 · European journal of internal medicine · Incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases in gastroenterology primary care setting.CD 0.00
88. Godat S · 2018 · European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology · Frequency and type of drug-related side effects necessitating treatment discontinuation in the Swiss Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort.CD 0.00
89. Kolho KL · 2012 · Journal of medical virology · Enteric viral pathogens in children with inflammatory bowel disease.CD 0.00
90. Smith MR · 2014 · Journal of Crohn's & colitis · Mycophenolate mofetil therapy in the management of inflammatory bowel disease--a retrospective case series and review.CD 0.00
91. Ashton JJ · 2020 · Inflammatory bowel diseases · Analysis and Hierarchical Clustering of Blood Results Before Diagnosis in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.CD 0.00
92. Maxwell EC · 2017 · Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · Diverting Ileostomy for the Treatment of Severe, Refractory, Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.CD -0.00
93. Andreoletti G · 2015 · Inflammatory bowel diseases · Exome analysis of patients with concurrent pediatric inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune disease.CD -0.00
94. Cushman G · 2021 · Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · Age, Disease Symptoms, and Depression are Associated With Body Image Dissatisfaction in Newly Diagnosed Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease.CD -0.00
95. Boland K · 2021 · Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · Persistent Diarrhea in Patients With Crohn's Disease After Mucosal Healing Is Associated With Lower Diversity of the Intestinal Microbiome and Increased Dysbiosis.CD -0.00
96. Lin J · 2013 · Modern pathology : an official journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc · MicroRNA expression patterns in indeterminate inflammatory bowel disease.CD -0.00
97. M'Koma AE · 2019 · Gastrointestinal disorders (Basel, Switzerland) · The Multifactorial Etiopathogeneses Interplay of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: An Overview.CD -0.00
98. Kiernan MG · 2019 · Journal of Crohn's & colitis · The Human Mesenteric Lymph Node Microbiome Differentiates Between Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis.CD -0.00
99. Kalla R · 2020 · Journal of Crohn's & colitis · Whole Blood Profiling of T-cell-Derived microRNA Allows the Development of Prognostic models in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.CD -0.00
100. Kisiel JB · 2019 · Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · Analysis of DNA Methylation at Specific Loci in Stool Samples Detects Colorectal Cancer and High-Grade Dysplasia in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease.CD -0.00